Minor Thoughts from me to you

It wouldn't surprise me a bit to learn that Adam already knows about this theory. But it was news to me and fairly fascinating to boot.

I just finished Richard Friedman's Who Wrote the Bible? It's a classic popularization of the Documentary Hypothesis, which claims that the Pentateuch (the first five books of the Bible) is actually a medley of four earlier sources called J (the Yahwist), E (the Elohist), D (the Deuteronomist), and P (the Priestly source). Friedman's survey of two centuries of Biblical detective work is quite fascinating. What truly shocked me, however, was learning that a bunch of liberal theologians converged on a vulgar Public Choice theory of the evolution of their most sacred book.

Friedman begins by explaining that J and E are the earliest sources. The most obvious difference between the two is that J always calls God "Yahweh," while E initially calls him "Elohim." But it's the non-obvious differences that are telling. He presents strong evidence that the author of J came from Judah, the southern Jewish kingdom, while the author of E came from Israel, the northern Jewish kingdom. J elevates Aaron and slights Moses; E does the opposite.

What's going on? Friedman explains that these two countries had conflicting religious establishments. Those in the north - or at least a major faction - were Mushite (claiming descent from Moses); those in the south were Aaronite (claiming descent from Aaron). Through this lens, J and E turn out to be thinly-veiled bids for money and power. Here's one example of how E tries to push Mushite interests:

Recall that the [Mushite] priests of Shiloh suffered the loss of their place in the priestly hierarchy under King Solomon. Their chief... was expelled from Jerusalem. The other chief priest... who was regarded as a descendant of Aaron, meanwhile remained in power... The Shiloh prophet Ahijah instigated the northern tribes' secession, and he designated Jeroboam as the northern king. The Shiloh priests' hopes for the new kingdom, however, were frustrated when Jeroboam established the golden calf religious centers at Dan and Beth-El, and he did not appoint them as priests there. For this old family of priests, what should have been a time of liberation had been turned into a religious betrayal. The symbol of their exclusion in Israel was the golden calves. The symbol of their exclusion in Judah was Aaron. Someone from that family, the author of E, wrote a story that said that soon after the Israelites' liberation from slavery, they committed heresy. What was the heresy? They worshipped a golden calf! Who made the golden calf? Aaron! [emphasis original]

--The Public Choice of the Ancient Hebrews, Bryan Caplan

You may want to click through to EconLog to read the rest of Bryan's summarization. It's all fascinating.

I present: Feet of Clay. This is a new feature here at Minor Thoughts. Many Biblical characters are far more interesting than we realize. With all of the familiar stories floating around, it's easy to forget just how, well, human they sometimes were.

This first edition of "Feet of Clay" grew out of a recent IM conversation between Adam and me. The ideas are Adam's. The presentation is mine. Enjoy.

Moshe was the creepiest man on Earth. Think about this, really: This was the guy with all this power, but he never spoke when he came into the courts, etc. Aaron always talked for him. Maybe Moshe whispered into his ear or something, but he was the silent big guy that gave orders to the man who talked. Plus after Exodus he always wore a veil across his face because his face was radiant -- from talking to God -- and frightened the heck out of everyone. So, really, you have this image of this old man who doesn't talk, constantly veiled but there's a glow underneath that cloth... More than intimidating as a visual image, if you ask me.

He killed an Egyptian at 40. And the rest wasn't physically strenuous, so by the time he's walking around with a stick and glowing he could just be old and thin.

I'll bet the Midianites didn't recognize him when he returned to kill them all. And isn't that the big twist at the end of the Torah, incidentally? The Midianites are all put to the sword by the Hebrews. You have to wonder how Jethro felt about that, his wife, etc. His wife didn't Moshe anyway ("you are a bridegroom of blood to me" is hardly a flattering remark), but...

Incidentally, do you think Moshe divorced his wife or just literally sent her out of Egypt? Because the Bible uses the phrase "sent her away", which is the phrase that's always used for divorce... Which makes Moshe all the more interesting. Divorced and the product of an incestuous marriage. He can hardly get more interesting. (ed: Somehow I missed the whole incestuous marriage angle. That certainly wasn't covered in Sunday School. :-) ) Oh, yeah. His father married either his sister or his half-sister. Either way. It was a marriage that Moshe would go on to condemn in the giving of laws.